Disulphide structure of high-molecular-weight (HMW-) gliadins as affected by terminators

This study aimed at elucidating SS-bonds of HMW-gliadins (HGL) from wheat with the focus on terminators of glutenin polymerisation. HGL from wheat flour extracts non-treated or treated with the S-alkylation reagent N-ethylmaleinimide (NEMI) were compared. HGL from wheat flour Akteur were isolated, hydrolysed with thermolysin and the resulting peptides pre-separated by gel permeation chromatography and analysed by liquid chromatography/mass-spectrometry using alternating electron transfer dissociation/collision-induced dissociation. Altogether, 22 and 28 SS-peptides from samples without and with NEMI treatment, respectively, were identified. Twenty-six peptides included standard SS-bonds of α- and γ-gliadins, high-molecular-weight and low-molecular-weight glutenin subunits. Eleven SS-bonds were identified for the first time. Fifteen peptides unique to HGL contained cysteine residues from gliadins with an odd number of cysteines (ω5-, α- and γ-gliadins). Thus, gliadins with an odd number of cysteines, glutathione and cysteine had acted as terminators of glutenin polymerisation. Decisive differences between samples without and with NEMI treatment were not obvious showing that the termination of polymerisation was already completed in the flour. The two HGL samples, however, were different in the majority of ten peptides that included disulphide-linked low-molecular-weight (LMW) thiols such as glutathione and cysteine with the former being enriched in the non-treated HGL-sample.     

A rapid extensigraph protocol for measuring dough viscoelasticity and mixing requirement

The extensigraph is particularly useful in characterizing dough viscoelastic properties; however, testing throughput for standard method is low due to the prerequisite for farinograph water absorption, long dough resting and milling to prepare large amounts of flour. Therefore, a rapid extensigraph method was developed that reduced sample size (165 g wheat) for milling and more than tripled throughput. Wheat is milled in Quadrumat Junior mill with a modified sieving system. The resulting flour (100 g) was mixed with a pin mixer at constant water absorption to allow the evaluation of wheat genotypes at the absorption level they are expected to perform. Dough was subsequently stretched by an extensigraph after 15 min of floor time and 30 min resting. Strong correlations for extensigram R_max (r > 0.93), extensibility (r > 0.64) and area (r > 0.88) were found for the proposed method compared to the standard method. Mixing parameters (time and energy) obtained during dough preparation provided further information about dough strength and mixing requirement. By significantly reducing sample size requirement and increasing testing throughput, this rapid extensigraph method can be widely adopted in milling and baking industry and meets the need for a fast evaluation of dough strength in breeding trials.     

不同用量纳米材料对生菜种子发芽的影响

以意大利生菜和红脆香生菜种子为试验材料,研究不同用量石墨相氮化碳纳米材料(0、50、100、150、200 mg/L)对2种生菜种子萌发的影响。结果表明:纳米材料用量在50～150 mg/L时对2种生菜发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数均有促进作用,用量在100 mg/L时,意大利生菜的发芽率、发芽指数最高;用量在150 mg/L时,红脆香生菜发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数最高。纳米材料用量达到200 mg/L时,对生菜种子萌发的促进效果减小,甚至出现抑制萌发的现象。较高用量(150、200 mg/L)的纳米材料可以促进生菜胚根的伸长,用量在150 mg/L时,意大利生菜胚根最长,比对照(CK)增加了24.80%;用量在200 mg/L时,红脆香生菜胚根最长,比对照增加了37.20%。施加纳米材料对生菜胚芽长度的影响不显著。总之,纳米材料用量在50～150 mg/L时,可以促进生菜种子的萌发;较高用量(150、200 mg/L)的纳米材料可以促进生菜种子胚根的伸长;施加纳米材料对胚芽长的影响不显著。     

我国花椰菜种业发展现状、市场需求及研究热点综述

综述了我国花椰菜产业情况及主栽品种区域分布现状,结合市场需求,指出如今研究的热点品类,如松花菜、西兰花及其各种类型用途的品种,最后总结出花椰菜种业存在的基本问题,如种质资源缺失,多抗品种短缺,加工型品种缺乏,种子生产技术落后、产量低、制种成本高等。     

青海八里桥绿萝卜品种提纯复壮技术

为解决八里桥绿萝卜由于长期种植导致部分地区品种退化的问题,通过长期的生产实践,采用原种提纯复壮、良种生产、栽培管理等综合技术,实现了品种的提纯复壮,对维持青海八里桥绿萝卜品种的特殊品质具有重要意义。     

山药不同处理方式的保存效果

运用涂抹草木灰、石蜡及自然干燥、吹风机干燥等方法对山药茎段切口进行处理,研究不同切口处理方式对山药外观及品质的影响;比较不同浓度壳聚糖与15%柠檬酸组合对切片的保鲜影响,进行山药茎段切口处理方法及切片表面处理方法的筛选。结果表明:室温下涂抹草木灰对鲜切山药茎段的贮藏效果最好;4℃条件下,15%柠檬酸+0.5%壳聚糖处理对山药切片的保鲜效果最好。     

日光温室越冬茬番茄定植到缓苗期标准化管理技术

为了确保日光温室越冬番茄定植后幼苗的根、茎、叶健康发育,协调好营养生长与生殖生长的关系,促进植株的花芽分化,为番茄前期产量打下良好的基础,重点探索了番茄定植期到缓苗期的管理措施。通过借鉴山东思远农业设施蔬菜标准化管理模式,结合芮城实际情况,尤其是定植期正值高温酷暑季节,总结出栽前温室高温闷棚、土壤消毒、穴盘蘸根及栽后各阶段标准化环境管理、标准化栽培管理、标准化肥水管理和标准化植保管理等行之有效的配套技术,取得了良好的经济效益和社会效益。随着标准化技术的应用示范,推广面积已达205 hm~2,带动全县1 690 hm~2设施蔬菜朝标准化方向发展。     

Seedling and adult plant resistance to leaf rust in 46 Chinese bread wheat landraces and 39 wheat lines with known Lr genes

Wheat leaf rust,caused by Puccinia triticina(Pt),is an important foliar disease that has an important influence on wheat yield.The most economic,safe and effective way to control the disease is growing resistant cultivars.In the present study,a total of 46 wheat landraces and 34 wheat lines with known Lr(leaf rust resistance)genes were inoculated with 16Pt pathotypes for postulating seedling resistance gene(s)in the greenhouse.These cultivars and five wheat differential lines with adult plant resistance(APR)genes(Lr12,Lr22b,Lr34,Lr35 and Lr37)were also evaluated for identification of slow rusting resistance in the field trials in Baoding,Hebei Province of China in the 2014–2015 and 2015–2016 cropping seasons.Furthermore,10 functional molecular markers closely linked to 10 known Lr genes were used to detect all the wheat genotypes.Results showed that most of the landraces were susceptible to most of the Pt pathotypes at seedling stage.Nonetheless,Lr1 was detected only in Hongtangliangmai.The field experimental test of the two environments showed that 38 landraces showed slow rusting resistance.Seven cultivars possessed Lr34 but none of the landraces contained Lr37 and Lr46.Lr genes namely,Lr9,Lr19,Lr24,Lr28,Lr29,Lr47,Lr51 and Lr53 were effective at the whole plant stage.Lr18,Lr36 and Lr45 had lost resistance to part of pathotypes at the seedling stage but showed high resistance at the adult plant stage.Lr34 as a slowing rusting gene showed good resistance in the field.Four race-specific APR genes Lr12,Lr13,Lr35 and Lr37 conferred good resistance in the field experiments.Seven race-specific genes,Lr2b,Lr2c,Lr11,Lr16,Lr26,Lr33 and LrB had lost resistance.The 38 landraces showed slow rusting resistance to wheat leaf rust can be used as resistance resources for wheat resistance breeding in China.     

石灰联合碳铵熏蒸对连作香蕉生长和根际微生物群落结构的影响

摘 要：由于长期连作导致香蕉枯萎病大量爆发，造成香蕉种植面积锐减，已严重影响海南香蕉产业的发展，因而急需寻求能够缓解或克服香蕉连作障碍的有效措施。本实验旨在探究使用绿色土壤熏蒸剂对长期连作蕉园的香蕉枯萎病的防控效果，特别是对植株生长发育、土壤化学性质和根际微生物区系的影响。田间试验共设置两个处理：石灰碳铵熏蒸处理（LAB）和对照处理（CK）。结果表明: LAB处理可以显著降低香蕉枯萎病发病率，与CK处理相比两季分别降低40%和46.62%，显著增加香蕉亩产量，与CK处理相比两季分别增产45.56%和75.99%。LAB处理可以显著提高土壤pH，改善土壤酸化，使酸性土壤维持中性水平，同时，增加土壤有机质含量，并且显著提高土壤速效磷（两季分别提高28.33%和89.14%）和速效钾含量（23.92%和38.67%）。并且LAB处理明显改变香蕉根际微生物群落结构，可以显著降低变形菌门和子囊菌门相对丰度，显著增加放线菌门等相对丰度，同时显著降低病原菌镰刀菌属相对丰度，并且显著提高部分土壤拮抗菌属的相对丰度，如链霉菌属、红球菌属和曲霉属。因此，石灰碳铵熏蒸有效改善香蕉根际微生物群落结构，有效防控香蕉枯萎病的发生并促进其植株生长。     

瓜类蔬菜白粉病抗性诱导研究进展

为探寻绿色高效的白粉病防控措施,主要从化学因子、物理因子及生物因子诱导等方面综述了瓜类蔬菜白粉病抗性诱导的研究进展,其中对化学因子诱导途径研究较多,主要包括碳酸氢盐及磷酸盐诱导途径、硅诱导途径、维生素诱导途径及水杨酸诱导途径等;最后,结合3种诱导途径对研究方向进行了讨论和展望。